BECCS Electricity
Graph structure
Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) that produces electricity is represented in Macro using the following graph structure:
%%{init: {'theme': 'base', 'themeVariables': { 'background': '#D1EBDE' }}}%%
flowchart LR
subgraph BECCSElectricity
direction BT
B((Biomass)) --> A{{..}}
C((CO2 Source)) --> A
A --> D((Emitted CO2))
A --> E((Captured CO2))
A --> F((Electricity))
end
legend@{img: "../../images/battery.png", w: 120, h: 100, constraint: "off"}
BECCSElectricity ~~~ legend
style A fill:black,stroke:black,color:black;
style B r:40,fill:palegreen,stroke:black,color:black,stroke-dasharray: 3,5;
style C r:40,fill:lightgray,stroke:black,color:black,font-size: 12, stroke-dasharray: 3,5;
style D r:40,fill:lightgray,stroke:black,color:black, font-size: 12,stroke-dasharray: 3,5;
style E r:40,fill:lightgray,stroke:black,color:black, font-size: 12,stroke-dasharray: 3,5;
style F r:40,fill:orange,stroke:black,color:black, font-size: 12, stroke-dasharray: 3,5;
linkStyle 0 stroke:palegreen, stroke-width: 3px;
linkStyle 1,2,3 stroke:lightgray, stroke-width: 3px;
linkStyle 4 stroke:orange, stroke-width: 3px;
style legend fill:white
A BECCS electricity asset is made of:
- 1
Transformationcomponent, representing the BECCS process. - 5
Edgecomponents:- 1 incoming
BiomassEdge, representing the biomass supply. - 1 incoming
CO2Edge, representing the CO2 that is absorbed by the biomass. - 1 outgoing
ElectricityEdge, representing the electricity production. - 1 outgoing
CO2CapturedEdge, representing the CO2 that is captured. - 1 outgoing
CO2Edge, representing the CO2 that is emitted.
- 1 incoming
Attributes
The structure of the input file for a BECCS electricity asset follows the graph representation. Each global_data and instance_data will look like this:
{
"transforms":{
// ... transformation-specific attributes ...
},
"edges":{
"biomass_edge": {
// ... biomass_edge-specific attributes ...
},
"co2_edge": {
// ... co2_edge-specific attributes ...
},
"elec_edge": {
// ... elec_edge-specific attributes ...
},
"co2_emission_edge": {
// ... co2_emission_edge-specific attributes ...
},
"co2_captured_edge": {
// ... co2_captured_edge-specific attributes ...
}
}
}where the possible attributes that the user can set are reported in the following tables.
Transformation
The definition of the transformation object can be found here MacroEnergy.Transformation.
| Attribute | Type | Values | Default | Description/Units |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| timedata | String | Any Macro commodity type | Required | Time resolution for the time series data linked to the transformation. E.g. "Biomass". |
| constraints | Dict{String,Bool} | Any Macro constraint type for vertices | BalanceConstraint | List of constraints applied to the transformation. E.g. {"BalanceConstraint": true}. |
| capture_rate $\epsilon_{co2\_capture\_rate}$ | Float64 | Float64 | 1.0 | $t_{CO2}/t_{Biomass}$ |
| co2_content $\epsilon_{co2}$ | Float64 | Float64 | 0.0 | $t_{CO2}/t_{Biomass}$ |
| electricity_production $\epsilon_{elec\_prod}$ | Float64 | Float64 | 1.0 | $MWh_{elec}/t_{Biomass}$ |
| emission_rate $\epsilon_{emission\_rate}$ | Float64 | Float64 | 1.0 | $t_{CO2}/t_{Biomass}$ |
The default constraint for the transformation part of the BECCS electricity asset is the following:
Flow equations
In the following equations, $\phi$ is the flow of the commodity and $\epsilon$ is the stoichiometric coefficient defined in the transformation table below.
\[\begin{aligned} \phi_{elec} &= \phi_{biomass} \cdot \epsilon_{elec\_prod} \\ \phi_{co2} &= -\phi_{biomass} \cdot \epsilon_{co2} \\ \phi_{co2} &= \phi_{biomass} \cdot \epsilon_{emission\_rate} \\ \phi_{co2\_captured} &= \phi_{biomass} \cdot \epsilon_{co2\_capture\_rate} \\ \end{aligned}\]
Edges
As a modeling decision, only the Biomass edge is allowed to expand. Consequently, the has_capacity and constraints attributes can only be set for the Biomass edge. For all other edges, these attributes are pre-set to false and an empty list, respectively, to ensure proper modeling of the asset.
The unidirectional attribute is only available for the Biomass edge. For the other edges, this attribute is pre-set to true to ensure the correct modeling of the asset.
All the edges are represented by the same set of attributes. The definition of the Edge object can be found here MacroEnergy.Edge.
| Attribute | Type | Values | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| type | String | Any Macro commodity type matching the commodity of the edge | Required | Commodity of the edge. E.g. "Electricity". |
| start_vertex | String | Any node id present in the system matching the commodity of the edge | Required | ID of the starting vertex of the edge. The node must be present in the nodes.json file. E.g. "elec_node_1". |
| end_vertex | String | Any node id present in the system matching the commodity of the edge | Required | ID of the ending vertex of the edge. The node must be present in the nodes.json file. E.g. "elec_node_2". |
| constraints | Dict{String,Bool} | Any Macro constraint type for Edges | Check box below | List of constraints applied to the edge. E.g. {"CapacityConstraint": true}. |
| availability | Dict | Availability file path and header | Empty | Path to the availability file and column name for the availability time series to link to the edge. E.g. {"timeseries": {"path": "assets/availability.csv", "header": "SE_BECCS_Electricity_Herb"}}. |
| can_expand | Bool | Bool | false | Whether the edge is eligible for capacity expansion. |
| can_retire | Bool | Bool | false | Whether the edge is eligible for capacity retirement. |
| capacity_size | Float64 | Float64 | 1.0 | Size of the edge capacity. |
| existing_capacity | Float64 | Float64 | 0.0 | Existing capacity of the edge in MW. |
| fixed_om_cost | Float64 | Float64 | 0.0 | Fixed operations and maintenance cost (USD/MW-year). |
| has_capacity | Bool | Bool | false | Whether capacity variables are created for the edge (only available for the Biomass edge). |
| integer_decisions | Bool | Bool | false | Whether capacity variables are integers. |
| investment_cost | Float64 | Float64 | 0.0 | Annualized capacity investment cost (USD/MW-year) |
| loss_fraction | Float64 | Number $\in$ [0,1] | 0.0 | Fraction of transmission loss. |
| max_capacity | Float64 | Float64 | Inf | Maximum allowed capacity of the edge (MW). Note: add the MaxCapacityConstraint to the constraints dictionary to activate this constraint. |
| min_capacity | Float64 | Float64 | 0.0 | Minimum allowed capacity of the edge (MW). Note: add the MinCapacityConstraint to the constraints dictionary to activate this constraint. |
| min_flow_fraction | Float64 | Number $\in$ [0,1] | 0.0 | Minimum flow of the edge as a fraction of the total capacity. Note: add the MinFlowConstraint to the constraints dictionary to activate this constraint. |
| ramp_down_fraction | Float64 | Number $\in$ [0,1] | 1.0 | Maximum decrease in flow between two time steps, reported as a fraction of the capacity. Note: add the RampingLimitConstraint to the constraints dictionary to activate this constraint. |
| ramp_up_fraction | Float64 | Number $\in$ [0,1] | 1.0 | Maximum increase in flow between two time steps, reported as a fraction of the capacity. Note: add the RampingLimitConstraint to the constraints dictionary to activate this constraint. |
| unidirectional | Bool | Bool | false | Whether the edge is unidirectional (only available for the Biomass edge). |
| variable_om_cost | Float64 | Float64 | 0.0 | Variable operation and maintenance cost (USD/MWh). |
The only default constraint for the edges of the BECCS electricity asset is the Capacity constraint applied to the Biomass edge.
Example
The following is an example of the input file for a BECCS electricity asset that creates six BECCS electricity assets, two in each of the SE, MIDAT and NE regions.
{
"BECCS_Electricity": [
{
"type": "BECCSElectricity",
"global_data": {
"transforms": {
"timedata": "Biomass",
"constraints": {
"BalanceConstraint": true
}
},
"edges": {
"elec_edge": {
"type": "Electricity",
"unidirectional": true,
"has_capacity": false
},
"biomass_edge": {
"type": "Biomass",
"unidirectional": true,
"has_capacity": true,
"can_expand": true,
"can_retire": true,
"integer_decisions": false,
"constraints": {
"CapacityConstraint": true,
"MinFlowConstraint": true
}
},
"co2_edge": {
"type": "CO2",
"unidirectional": true,
"has_capacity": false,
"start_vertex": "co2_sink"
},
"co2_emission_edge": {
"type": "CO2",
"unidirectional": true,
"has_capacity": false,
"end_vertex": "co2_sink"
},
"co2_captured_edge": {
"type": "CO2Captured",
"unidirectional": true,
"has_capacity": false,
"end_vertex": "co2_captured_sink"
}
}
},
"instance_data": [
{
"id": "SE_BECCS_Electricity_Herb",
"transforms": {
"electricity_production": 1.656626506,
"capture_rate": 1.5313914,
"co2_content": 1.76022,
"emission_rate": 0.2288286
},
"edges": {
"biomass_edge": {
"start_vertex": "bioherb_SE",
"availability": {
"timeseries": {
"path": "assets/availability.csv",
"header": "SE_BECCS_Electricity_Herb"
}
},
"investment_cost": 696050.2868,
"fixed_om_cost": 193228.9157,
"variable_om_cost": 42.93975904,
"capacity_size": 400,
"min_flow_fraction": 0.4
},
"elec_edge": {
"end_vertex": "elec_SE"
}
}
},
{
"id": "MIDAT_BECCS_Electricity_Herb",
"transforms": {
"electricity_production": 1.656626506,
"capture_rate": 1.5313914,
"co2_content": 1.76022,
"emission_rate": 0.2288286
},
"edges": {
"biomass_edge": {
"start_vertex": "bioherb_MIDAT",
"availability": {
"timeseries": {
"path": "assets/availability.csv",
"header": "MIDAT_BECCS_Electricity_Herb"
}
},
"investment_cost": 696050.2868,
"fixed_om_cost": 193228.9157,
"variable_om_cost": 42.93975904,
"capacity_size": 400,
"min_flow_fraction": 0.4
},
"elec_edge": {
"end_vertex": "elec_MIDAT"
}
}
},
{
"id": "NE_BECCS_Electricity_Herb",
"transforms": {
"electricity_production": 1.656626506,
"capture_rate": 1.5313914,
"co2_content": 1.76022,
"emission_rate": 0.2288286
},
"edges": {
"biomass_edge": {
"start_vertex": "bioherb_NE",
"availability": {
"timeseries": {
"path": "assets/availability.csv",
"header": "NE_BECCS_Electricity_Herb"
}
},
"investment_cost": 696050.2868,
"fixed_om_cost": 193228.9157,
"variable_om_cost": 42.93975904,
"capacity_size": 400,
"min_flow_fraction": 0.4
},
"elec_edge": {
"end_vertex": "elec_NE"
}
}
},
{
"id": "SE_BECCS_Electricity_Wood",
"transforms": {
"electricity_production": 1.656626506,
"capture_rate": 1.5313914,
"co2_content": 1.76022,
"emission_rate": 0.2288286
},
"edges": {
"biomass_edge": {
"start_vertex": "biowood_SE",
"availability": {
"timeseries": {
"path": "assets/availability.csv",
"header": "SE_BECCS_Electricity_Wood"
}
},
"investment_cost": 696050.2868,
"fixed_om_cost": 193228.9157,
"variable_om_cost": 42.93975904,
"capacity_size": 400,
"min_flow_fraction": 0.4
},
"elec_edge": {
"end_vertex": "elec_SE"
}
}
},
{
"id": "MIDAT_BECCS_Electricity_Wood",
"transforms": {
"electricity_production": 1.656626506,
"capture_rate": 1.5313914,
"co2_content": 1.76022,
"emission_rate": 0.2288286
},
"edges": {
"biomass_edge": {
"start_vertex": "biowood_MIDAT",
"availability": {
"timeseries": {
"path": "assets/availability.csv",
"header": "MIDAT_BECCS_Electricity_Wood"
}
},
"investment_cost": 696050.2868,
"fixed_om_cost": 193228.9157,
"variable_om_cost": 42.93975904,
"capacity_size": 400,
"min_flow_fraction": 0.4
},
"elec_edge": {
"end_vertex": "elec_MIDAT"
}
}
},
{
"id": "NE_BECCS_Electricity_Wood",
"transforms": {
"electricity_production": 1.656626506,
"capture_rate": 1.5313914,
"co2_content": 1.76022,
"emission_rate": 0.2288286
},
"edges": {
"biomass_edge": {
"start_vertex": "biowood_NE",
"availability": {
"timeseries": {
"path": "assets/availability.csv",
"header": "NE_BECCS_Electricity_Wood"
}
},
"investment_cost": 696050.2868,
"fixed_om_cost": 193228.9157,
"variable_om_cost": 42.93975904,
"capacity_size": 400,
"min_flow_fraction": 0.4
},
"elec_edge": {
"end_vertex": "elec_NE"
}
}
}
]
}
]
}